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Saskatoon
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In 1883 a group of Toronto-based Temperance Colonization Society methodists established Saskatoon on the banks of the South Saskatchewan River. They aimed to build a society free from the scourge of alcohol. The colony grew only very slowly, even after it was reached by a railway in 1890. In 1901, almost 20 years after its founding, Saskatoon's population was still only 113. Saskatoon's first big break came in 1903, when a huge party of colonists from Britain, led by the Reverend Isaac Barr, began settling west of Saskatoon, but the enterprise was so chaotic and poorly planned that many of the colonists ended up settling in and around Saskatoon, especially on the west bank of the river where some established the village of Nutana. The second break came in 1904, when Saskatoon was designated the divisional centre for the Canadian Pacific Railway and the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway, which put Saskatoon right in the middle of prairie development. The population boomed, and by 1906 had skyrocketed to 4,500. The third boost came after Saskatchewan became a province in 1905, when Saskatoon was chosen as the site of the University of Saskatchewan. It grew rapidly until 1913 when growth across all Western Canada shuddered to a halt. In the following decades, Saskatoon went through booms and busts, and the Great Depression hit the city especially hard. After the Second World War however the city benefited from the economic trends that were bouying much of Western Canada, and it has continued to grow to this day. Now it is the largest city in Saskatchewan and its main economic centre.
We respectfully acknowledge that Saskatoon is on Treaty 6 territory, the traditional territory of Cree Peoples, and the homeland of the Métis Nation.
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Eaton Internment Camp
Ukrainian Canadian Civil Liberties Assoc.
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Starting in 1914, the Canadian government reclassified all immigrants from enemy nations as "enemy aliens," a status that stripped them of virtually all their civil rights. Any who were suspected of disloyalty were interned, along with enemy aliens who were homeless. The majority of those interned were poor Ukrainian men who had immigrated from the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Most were sent to remote forced labour camps. By 1916 the wartime labour shortage led the government to begin paroling all the "non-dangerous" internees to work in strategic industries.
Most of the remaining internees were deemed "undesirable" and kept interned until 1920, when they were deported. The "undesirables" were generally men who had alleged sympathies with Canada's enemies, had been uncooperative while being forced to do back breaking labour, or thought to be lazy. As one camp commandant said, they were "a loafing, good-for-nothing lot, and the sooner the country is rid of them the better."1
In addition, from 1917 to 1920, during Canada's first Red Scare, an increasing number of socialists and labour activists were arrested and interned.
The internees sent to Eaton were those unfortunate "undesirables". They were sent to Eaton Siding to do forced labour building railway tracks in the depths of the Saskatchewan winter. They arrived here on February 25, 1919. It was three months after the war had ended. They had come from a railway building camp in Munson, Alberta, which had become untenable as the deadly 1918 Influenza Pandemic swept through the camp, and many internees were stricken, refused to work, or escaped.
Moving 65 of Munson's internees to Eaton was meant to alleviate overcrowding and hopefully make them amenable to doing forced labour. The conditions at Eaton can hardly be said to have been an improvement: the internees were kept in freezing boxcars and expected to do back-breaking railway labour in deep drifts of snow with inadequate winter clothing.
Immediately, at least two internees escaped after subduing a guard. There were likely more escapes, though records from this camp are sketchy. The internees resisted their guards and the demands to work. As a result the government gave up on the Eaton camp, and decided to send them to the more permanent facility at Amherst, Nova Scotia, where they could await deportation.
The camp was dismantled on March 21, 1919. It was only open for 24 days, making it the shortest-lived of the 24 internment stations. The fate of the internees is unknown, though most were probably deported.
The camp's location was forgotten for over 70 years. To avoid confusion with the Saskatchewan village of Eatonia, Eaton Siding was renamed Hawking in 1925, making tracking down the site more difficult for researchers. It wasn't until the 1990s that Bohdan S. Kordan, a University of Saskatchewan professor and prolific writer on Canada's First World War Internment Operations, was able to positively identify the camp's original site. It just so happened to be on the grounds of the Saskatchewan Railway Museum.2
In 2005 the University of Saskatchewan's Prairie Centre for the Study of Ukrainian Heritage partnered with the Saskatchewan Railway Museum to unveil a monument and memorial garden on the museum grounds. The monument entitled "Fortitude," was sculpted by local artist Grant McConnell, and depicts an internee at work laying railway ties, watched over by an armed guard.3
Today, visitors to the Saskatchewan Railway Museum can take tours of boxcars like those that the internees were housed in.
2. "The Camps - Eaton," Armistice Films, 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5eGYvty3VZM.
3. "Fortitude memorial in Eaton Internment Camp Site," Ukrainian Places.com, *https://www.ukrainianplaces.com/node/2097.